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Giovanni Maria-Mastai Ferretti
Birth: 5-13-1792
Death: 2-7-1878
Nickname: "Pope Pius IX"
Biography
Pius IX, original name Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti (born May 13, 1792, Senigallia, Papal States—died February 7, 1878, Rome; beatified September 3, 2000; feast day February 7), Italian head of the Roman Catholic church whose pontificate (1846–78) was the longest in history and was marked by a transition from moderate political liberalism to conservatism. Notable events of his reign included the declaration of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception (1854), the Syllabus of Errors (1864), and the sessions of the First Vatican Council (1869–70), during which the doctrine of papal infallibility was authoritatively defined.
Letter References
Letter from William Henry Seward to Frances Miller Seward, November 3, 1859
Letter from William Henry Seward to Frances Miller Seward, August 17, 1859
Letter from William Henry Seward to Frances Adeline Seward, August 15, 1859
Letter from William Henry Seward to William Henry Seward, Jr., August 1, 1871
Citations
Biography and Citation Information:
Biography:
Pius IX, original name Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti (born May 13, 1792, Senigallia, Papal States—died February 7, 1878, Rome; beatified September 3, 2000; feast day February 7), Italian head of the Roman Catholic church whose pontificate (1846–78) was the longest in history and was marked by a transition from moderate political liberalism to conservatism. Notable events of his reign included the declaration of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception (1854), the Syllabus of Errors (1864), and the sessions of the First Vatican Council (1869–70), during which the doctrine of papal infallibility was authoritatively defined.
Citation for Birth Info:
Citation Notes:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pius-IX
Citation for Death Info:
Citation Notes:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pius-IX