Biography

"James II, also called (1644–85) duke of York and (1660–85) duke of Albany (born Oct. 14, 1633, London, Eng.—died Sept. 5/6 [Sept. 16/17, New Style], 1701, Saint-Germain, France), king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1685 to 1688, and the last Stuart monarch in the direct male line. He was deposed in the Glorious Revolution (1688–89) and replaced by William III and Mary II. That revolution, engendered by James’s Roman Catholicism, permanently established Parliament as the ruling power of England."